Abstract: Helium is a strategic rare resource critical to national security and high-tech industrial development. Its efficient exploration can, to some extent, reduce China’s heavy reliance on imported resources and address core-technology bottlenecks. Current research on helium accumulation mechanisms in China is insufficient, geophysical exploration techniques are not sufficiently targeted, and technological adaptability varies significantly across geological settings. These challenges greatly hinder the exploration and exploitation of helium resources in China. This paper systematically reviews global and Chinese research progress, cutting-edge technologies, and field application outcomes in helium geophysical exploration. Combined with geological laws governing helium accumulation and the spatial distribution of helium resources in China, it summarizes the detection principles, applicable scenarios, practical performance, and limitations and bottlenecks of core geophysical technologies, including well logging, seismic surveying, and electromagnetic prospecting, and discusses a technical framework for integrated helium geophysical exploration. Our analysis shows that the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium in crustal rocks is the primary source of industrial-grade helium. Helium-source rocks, deep major faults (migration pathways), high-quality reservoir–cap rock assemblages, and effective traps jointly control helium enrichment and accumulation. This paper summarizes advances in natural gamma-ray spectral logging, imaging logging, and nuclear magnetic resonance logging for helium-source rock evaluation and detailed reservoir characterization. It also reviews progress in seismic exploration for regional structural analysis and helium trap identification, outlines overall application progress of electromagnetic technologies such as wide-field electromagnetic prospecting in helium resource detection, and analyzes the research status and field performance of integrated exploration using gravity, magnetic, electromagnetic, and seismic methods. Taking typical helium-bearing regions, including the Gonghe, Weihe, and Tarim Basins in China, as well as the Lake Rukwa area in Tanzania, as case studies, this paper summarizes adaptation models of geophysical technologies for helium reservoirs under diverse geological conditions and clarifies the strengths and weaknesses of each technology in field applications. Core bottlenecks in current helium geophysical exploration are identified: difficulties in data acquisition and quality control for deep-to-ultra-deep formations, imperfect theories and industrial technical standards for helium accumulation exploration, and high non-uniqueness of results from individual geophysical methods. Finally, future development directions of helium geophysical exploration are proposed, featuring intelligent, high-precision, and multi-technology integration. By systematically integrating existing global and Chinese research findings and clarifying the trajectory of technological development, this study provides academic reference value and practical engineering implications for promoting and standardizing China’s helium geophysical exploration technical system and safeguarding national strategic security of helium resources.